Scala Interview Questions

Checkout Vskills Interview questions with answers in Scala to prepare for your next job role. The questions are submitted by professionals to help you to prepare for the Interview.

Q.1 What is Scala, and why is it used?

Scala is a modern, statically-typed programming language that combines functional and object-oriented programming. It's used for building scalable and robust applications.

Report This Question

Q.2 What are the key features of Scala?

Key features include concise syntax, immutability, type inference, pattern matching, and compatibility with Java.

Report This Question

Q.3 How is Scala different from Java?

Scala offers concise code, supports functional programming, has more expressive syntax, and is fully interoperable with Java.

Report This Question

Q.4 Explain immutability in Scala.

Immutability means once a value is assigned to a variable, it cannot be changed. Scala encourages immutable data structures for better safety and concurrency.

Report This Question

Q.5 What is a singleton object in Scala?

A singleton object is a class with only one instance, and it's used for grouping related methods and data. It's similar to the concept of static classes in Java.

Report This Question

Q.6 What is pattern matching in Scala?

Pattern matching is a powerful feature that allows you to match data structures against a pattern, similar to switch statements in other languages.

Report This Question

Q.7 Explain the concept of type inference in Scala.

Scala's type inference system automatically deduces the data types of variables and expressions, reducing the need for explicit type annotations.

Report This Question

Q.8 What is the "Option" type in Scala, and how is it used?

Option is a container type that represents an optional value. It can either hold a value (Some) or be empty (None). It's often used to handle potential null values.

Report This Question

Q.9 What is a higher-order function in Scala?

A higher-order function is a function that takes one or more functions as arguments or returns a function as a result. It's a fundamental concept in functional programming.

Report This Question

Q.10 Explain tail recursion in Scala.

Tail recursion is a recursive function where the recursive call is the last operation before the function returns. Scala optimizes tail-recursive functions for efficient execution.

Report This Question

Q.11 What is the "val" and "var" keywords used for in Scala?

val declares an immutable variable (value), while var declares a mutable variable. Once assigned, a val cannot be changed, but a var can.

Report This Question

Q.12 How do you define a class in Scala?

You can define a class using the class keyword followed by the class name and its body, which includes fields, methods, and constructors.

Report This Question

Q.13 What are case classes in Scala, and why are they useful?

Case classes are special classes that are primarily used to store data. They come with built-in features like equality, immutability, and pattern matching support.

Report This Question

Q.14 What is the purpose of the "apply" method in Scala's companion objects?

The apply method is used to create instances of a class without using the new keyword. It provides a concise way to create objects.

Report This Question

Q.15 Explain the concept of currying in Scala.

Currying is a technique that transforms a function that takes multiple arguments into a series of functions, each taking one argument. It enables partial function application.

Report This Question

Q.16 How does Scala handle null values?

Scala encourages the use of Option to handle potentially null values. This approach helps avoid null pointer exceptions and promotes safer code.

Report This Question

Q.17 What is the purpose of the "foreach" method in Scala collections?

The foreach method is used to iterate over elements in a collection and apply a given function to each element. It's a concise way to perform actions on collection elements.

Report This Question

Q.18 How can you define and use traits in Scala?

Traits are similar to Java interfaces but can also include concrete methods. You define traits using the trait keyword and mix them into classes using with.

Report This Question

Q.19 Explain the concept of partial functions in Scala.

Partial functions are functions that are not defined for all input values. They are typically defined using pattern matching and are useful for handling specific cases.

Report This Question

Q.20 What is a future in Scala, and how does it relate to asynchronous programming?

A future represents a value that may not be available yet but will be at some point. It's commonly used in asynchronous programming to perform computations concurrently and handle results when they become available.

Report This Question

Q.21 What is the purpose of the "yield" keyword in Scala's "for" comprehensions?

The yield keyword is used in for comprehensions to produce a collection result by applying an expression to each item in the input collection. It simplifies data transformation operations.

Report This Question

Q.22 What is the difference between "varargs" and "Seq" in method parameters?

varargs allow a variable number of arguments to be passed to a method, while Seq represents a sequence of elements. Seq is a collection type that can hold multiple values.

Report This Question

Q.23 How does Scala support functional programming paradigms?

Scala supports functional programming through features like first-class functions, immutability, pattern matching, and the ability to treat functions as data.

Report This Question

Q.24 What is the Akka framework in Scala, and how is it related to concurrency and scalability?

Akka is a toolkit and runtime for building highly concurrent, distributed, and fault-tolerant systems in Scala. It uses the Actor model for managing concurrency and scalability.

Report This Question

Q.25 How do you handle exceptions in Scala?

Scala uses try, catch, and finally blocks to handle exceptions, similar to Java. Additionally, it offers a more functional alternative with the Try and Either types.

Report This Question

Q.26 What are implicits in Scala, and what are their uses?

Implicits are a powerful feature used for automatic type conversion, extension methods, and providing context-based values. They enable concise and expressive code.

Report This Question

Q.27 What is the role of the Scala REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop), and how can it be used for development?

The Scala REPL is an interactive shell for evaluating Scala expressions and experimenting with code. It's a handy tool for quick testing, prototyping, and learning Scala.

Report This Question

Q.28 What is Scala, and what is its main use case?

Scala is a general-purpose programming language that combines object-oriented and functional programming features. Its main use cases include web development, data analysis, and building scalable and reliable applications.

Report This Question

Q.29 Explain the difference between Scala and Java.

Scala runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and is interoperable with Java, but it offers concise syntax, support for functional programming, and more expressive features compared to Java. Scala is also fully object-oriented, whereas Java has primitive types.

Report This Question

Q.30 What are the key features of Scala?

Key features of Scala include strong static typing, concise and expressive syntax, support for both object-oriented and functional programming paradigms, immutability, type inference, and seamless Java interoperability.

Report This Question

Q.31 What are some main features of Scala?

The main features of Scala programming language are: Type inference, Singleton object, Immutability, Lazy computation, Case classes and Pattern matching, Concurrency control, String interpolation, Higher order function

Report This Question

Q.32 What is the role of the Scala REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop)?

The Scala REPL is an interactive command-line tool that allows developers to enter Scala expressions and see their results immediately. It is useful for experimenting with code, testing small snippets, and learning Scala.

Report This Question

Q.33 List some benefits of using Scala.

There are benefits of using Scala programming language which are: more concise and clear than Java (especially using more functional style, such as in the collections library), Scala has closures and functions as part of the language, operator overloading and mixins

Report This Question

Q.34 Explain the concept of immutability in Scala.

Immutability in Scala means that once an object is created, its state cannot be changed. Instead of modifying existing objects, Scala encourages the creation of new objects with updated values. Immutability promotes safer and more predictable code.

Report This Question

Q.35 Name some of the frameworks that Scala supports.

Some of the frameworks that Scala supports are: Play Framework, Finch, Akka HTTP, Chaos, Lift, BlueEyes, Slick, Scalatra

Report This Question

Q.36 How do you declare variables in Scala?

In Scala, you can declare variables using the val keyword for immutable variables (constants) and the var keyword for mutable variables. For example, val x = 10 declares an immutable variable, and var y = 20 declares a mutable variable.

Report This Question

Q.37 What are case classes in Scala?

Scala case classes are just regular classes which are immutable by default and decomposable through pattern matching. It uses equal method to compare instance structurally. It does not use new keyword to instantiate object. All the parameters listed in the case class are public and immutable by default.

Report This Question

Q.38 What is the difference between val and var in Scala?

val declares an immutable variable, meaning its value cannot be changed after initialization. var declares a mutable variable, allowing its value to be reassigned. It's recommended to use val whenever possible to promote immutability.

Report This Question

Q.39 Explain the term stream in Scala.

The Stream is a lazy lists where elements are evaluated only when they are needed. This is a Scala feature. In Scala a List can be constructed with :: operator, whereas a Stream can be constructed with the #:: operator method, using Stream. empty at the end of the expression.

Report This Question

Q.40 How do you define functions in Scala?

You can define functions in Scala using the def keyword. For example, def add(a: Int, b: Int): Int = a + b defines a function named add that takes two integers as parameters and returns an integer result.

Report This Question

Q.41 What are tuples and what is their usage in Scala?

In Scala, a tuple is a value that contains a fixed number of elements, each with its own type. Tuples are immutable. The inferred type of ingredient is (String, Int) , which is shorthand for Tuple2[String, Int] . To represent tuples, Scala uses a series of classes: Tuple2 , Tuple3 , etc., through Tuple22 .

Report This Question

Q.42 What is type inference in Scala?

Type inference is a feature in Scala that allows the compiler to automatically deduce the data types of variables and expressions based on their usage. This reduces the need for explicit type annotations and makes code more concise and readable.

Report This Question

Q.43 What are different types of Scala variables?

The types of variables in Scala are Mutable Variables and Immutable Variables.

Report This Question

Q.44 Explain pattern matching in Scala.

Pattern matching is a powerful feature in Scala that allows you to match complex data structures, such as case classes or tuples, against patterns. It is similar to a switch statement in other languages but provides more expressive and flexible matching capabilities.

Report This Question

Q.45 Explain Option in Scala

The Option in Scala is referred to a carrier of single or no element for a stated type. When a method returns a value which can even be null then Option is utilized i.e., the method defined returns an instance of an Option, in place of returning a single object or a null.

Report This Question

Q.46 What is a case class in Scala, and when is it used?

A case class in Scala is a special class primarily used for modeling immutable data. It provides a concise way to define classes with automatically generated methods for equality comparison, pattern matching, and copying with modified fields. Case classes are often used for data modeling.

Report This Question

Q.47 What do you understand by literals in Scala?

The literals in Scala are a series of symbols utilized for describing a constant value in the code. There are many types of literals in Scala namely Character literals, String literals, Multi-Line String literals, Boolean literals, Integer literals, and Floating point literals.

Report This Question

Q.48 How do you create an instance of a case class in Scala?

You can create an instance of a case class by simply invoking its constructor without the new keyword. For example, if you have a case class Person(name: String, age: Int), you can create an instance like this: val person = Person("Alice", 30).

Report This Question

Q.49 What is the importance of App in Scala?

App is a trait which is utilized to rapidly change objects into feasible programs, which is carried out by applying DelayedInit function and the objects inheriting the trait App uses this function to execute the entire body of the program as a section of an inherited main method.

Report This Question

Q.50 What is the Option type in Scala, and how is it used?

The Option type in Scala represents the presence or absence of a value. It can have two subtypes: Some(value) when a value is present and None when no value is present. Option is commonly used to handle potentially missing or null values in a type-safe manner.

Report This Question

Q.51 What are apply and unapply methods in Scala?

The apply method is like a constructor which takes arguments and creates an object, the unapply takes an object and tries to give back the arguments. This is most often used in pattern matching and partial functions. The apply method creates a CustomerID string from a name .

Report This Question

Q.52 Explain the concept of higher-order functions in Scala.

Higher-order functions in Scala are functions that take other functions as arguments or return functions as results. They enable powerful functional programming patterns like mapping, filtering, and reducing collections.

Report This Question

Q.53 What do you understand by BitSet in Scala?

Bitsets are sets of non-negative integers which are represented as variable-size arrays of bits packed into 64-bit words. The memory footprint of a bitset is determined by the largest number stored in it.

Report This Question

Q.54 How do you declare a lambda function (anonymous function) in Scala?

In Scala, you can declare a lambda function using the => syntax. For example, (x: Int) => x * 2 defines a lambda function that takes an integer x and returns its double. Lambda functions are often used with higher-order functions like map and filter.

Report This Question

Q.55 What is ofDim() in Scala?

Scala allows us to declare multi-dimensional arrays via the ofDim function. The function does so by using a matrix format.

Report This Question

Q.56 What is a trait in Scala, and how is it different from a class?

A trait in Scala is a reusable, composable unit of behavior that can be mixed into classes to provide additional functionality. Unlike classes, traits cannot have constructor parameters, and a class can mix in multiple traits. Traits are similar to interfaces in Java.

Report This Question

Q.57 What are the different types of scope in Scala?

There are three types of scope for Scala variable which are: Fields, Method Parameters and Local Variables.

Report This Question

Q.58 What is the purpose of the match expression in Scala?

The match expression in Scala is used for pattern matching. It allows you to specify patterns to match against an expression and execute different code blocks based on the matched pattern. It is commonly used for complex conditional logic and data extraction.

Report This Question

Q.59 What do you understand by map() and flatmap() in Scala

In Scala, flatMap() method is identical to the map() method, but the only difference is that in flatMap the inner grouping of an item is removed and a sequence is generated. So, we can say that flatMap first runs the map method and then the flatten method to generate the desired result.

Report This Question

Q.60 How is error handling typically done in Scala?

In Scala, error handling is often done using the try, catch, and finally blocks. Exceptions can be caught and handled using pattern matching or specific exception types. Scala also promotes the use of Option and Either for more functional error handling.

Report This Question

Q.61 What do you understand by higher-order functions in Scala

Higher order functions take other functions as parameters or return a function as a result. This is possible because functions are first-class values in Scala. One of the most common examples is the higher-order function map which is available for collections in Scala.

Report This Question

Q.62 What is a singleton object in Scala, and how is it created?

A singleton object in Scala is an object that is defined by itself and has only one instance. It is typically used to hold utility methods, act as a factory, or provide a single entry point to an application. A singleton object is created automatically when it is first accessed.

Report This Question

Q.63 What is Closure in Scala?

A closure is a function, whose return value depends on the value of one or more variables declared outside this function. If a function has no external references, then it is trivially closed over itself.

Report This Question

Q.64 Explain the concept of type hierarchy in Scala.

Scala's type hierarchy is rooted in Any, which is the supertype of all types in Scala. It is divided into two main branches: AnyVal (for value types like numbers) and AnyRef (for reference types like objects). Both AnyVal and AnyRef are subtypes of Any.

Report This Question

Q.65 What do you understand by Traits in Scala?

In Scala, trait is a collection of abstract and non-abstract methods. You can create trait that can have all abstract methods or some abstract and some non-abstract methods. A variable that is declared either by using val or var keyword in a trait get internally implemented in the class that implements the trait.

Report This Question

Q.66 How do you define a list (sequence) in Scala?

You can define a list (sequence) in Scala using the List class. For example, val numbers = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) creates a list of integers. Lists are immutable and support various operations like head, tail, and map.

Report This Question

Q.67 Differentiate between Scala and Java.

Scala is a statically typed programming language whereas Java is a multi-platform, network-centric, programming language. Scala doesn't offer backward compatibility whereas Java offers backward compatibility. Scala is less readable because of nested code whereas Java is more readable.

Report This Question

Q.68 What is the difference between List and Array in Scala?

List in Scala is immutable, and its size is fixed after creation. Array is mutable and can change its elements. List provides a functional programming style, while Array is closer to traditional arrays in other languages.

Report This Question

Q.69 What are Monads in Scala?

In Scala, Monads is a construction which performs successive calculations. It is an object which covers the other object. In short, we can say that in Scala the data types that implements map as well as flatMap() like Options, Lists, etc. are called as Monads.

Report This Question

Q.70 How do you perform pattern matching on a list in Scala?

You can perform pattern matching on a list in Scala using the match expression. For example, you can match an empty list with Nil or extract elements from the head and tail of a list. Pattern matching on lists is a common practice in functional programming.

Report This Question

Q.71 What is Scala Anonymous Function?

In Scala, An anonymous function is also known as a function literal. A function which does not contain a name is known as an anonymous function. An anonymous function provides a lightweight function definition. It is useful when we want to create an inline function.

Report This Question

Q.72 What is the difference between map and foreach in Scala?

map is a higher-order function in Scala that applies a given function to each element of a collection and returns a new collection with the results. foreach is used for iterating over a collection and performing side effects but does not return a new collection.

Report This Question

Q.73 Why Scala prefers Immutability?

Immutable objects and data structures are first-class citizens in Scala. This is because they prevent mistakes in distributed systems and provide thread-safe data. However, we can also use mutable objects if it's really necessary.

Report This Question

Q.74 How do you create a set in Scala, and what is its characteristic?

You can create a set in Scala using the Set class. A set is an unordered collection of distinct elements. It does not allow duplicate values. You can perform set operations like union, intersection, and difference on sets.

Report This Question

Q.75 What are different types of Identifiers in Scala?

The different types of identifiers in Scala are AlphaNumeric Identifiers, Operator identifiers, Mixed Identifiers and Literal identifiers.

Report This Question

Q.76 What is an Option used for, and how does it help with null safety?

An Option in Scala is used to represent values that may be absent or null. It provides a type-safe alternative to dealing with null values. By using Some(value) for present values and None for absent values, Scala avoids null reference errors at runtime.

Report This Question

Q.77 Explain the function Currying in Scala.

Currying in Scala is simply a technique or a process of transforming a function. This function takes multiple arguments into a function that takes single argument. It is applied widely in multiple functional languages. Syntax def function name(argument1, argument2) = operation.

Report This Question

Q.78 Explain tail recursion and its importance in functional programming.

Tail recursion is a type of recursion in which the recursive call is the last operation in a function. It is important in functional programming because it allows for efficient optimization by the compiler or runtime system, preventing stack overflow errors.

Report This Question

Q.79 What do you mean by tail-recursion?

A recursive function is said to be tail recursive if the recursive call is the last thing done by the function. There is no need to keep record of the previous state. For tail recursion function a package import Scala. annotation. tailrec will be used in the program.

Report This Question

Q.80 How is tail recursion achieved in Scala?

Tail recursion in Scala is achieved by using the @tailrec annotation on a recursive function. This annotation informs the compiler to optimize the function for tail recursion. The function must meet certain criteria, such as having a single recursive call at the end.

Report This Question

Q.81 How you keep yourself updated of new trends in Scala?

I update myself by attending industry seminars, conferences as available online or offline on Scala programming language.

Report This Question

Q.82 What is an Either type in Scala, and how is it used for error handling?

An Either type in Scala represents a value that can be either of two types: Left (for an error) or Right (for a success value). It is often used for functional error handling, where Left contains error information and Right contains a successful result.

Report This Question

Q.83 How do you see yourself in next five year in Scala?

I foresee a bright future as I will gain more skills and knowledge in Scala programming language by adding new technologies as needed by my organization.

Report This Question

Q.84 Explain the concept of currying in Scala.

Currying in Scala is a technique of transforming a function with multiple parameters into a series of functions, each taking a single parameter. It allows for partial function application and the creation of specialized functions. Currying is supported in Scala by default.

Report This Question

Q.85 How you manage your time for Scala related development?

Scala based development involves lots of tasks which need to be completed in a specific time frame. Hence time management is of utmost importance and is applied by: using to do lists, being aware of time wasters and optimizing work environment

Report This Question

Q.86 What are higher-kinded types in Scala, and when are they used?

Higher-kinded types (HKTs) in Scala represent type constructors that take one or more type parameters. They are used in situations where you need to work with generic types, such as collections or monads. HKTs are enabled by the use of type parameters like F[_].

Report This Question

Q.87 Why do you want the Scala job?

I want the Scala job as I am passionate about making companies more efficient by using Scala programming language also take stock of present technology portfolio to maximize their utility.

Report This Question

Q.88 What is the purpose of the for comprehension in Scala?

The for comprehension in Scala provides a concise way to work with monads and other types that have map, flatMap, and withFilter methods. It allows developers to write imperative-style code while working with monadic structures in a more readable way.

Report This Question

Q.89 What do you think of most important role of a Scala professional?

As a Scala professional my focus is to provide the effective and efficient programs using Scala so as to fulfil the requirements of the company. Reducing costs without losing on quality or speed of production is the primary motto.

Report This Question

Q.90 How is memory management typically handled in Scala?

Memory management in Scala is handled by the JVM, just like in Java. The JVM performs automatic memory management, including garbage collection. Scala code benefits from JVM's memory management features for automatic memory allocation and deallocation.

Report This Question

Q.91 What is the Future type in Scala, and how is it used for asynchronous programming?

A Future in Scala represents a value that may be available at some point in the future. It is used for asynchronous programming to perform non-blocking computations. Developers can use Future to work with asynchronous I/O, concurrency, and parallelism.

Report This Question

Q.92 How can you handle exceptions thrown by Future in Scala?

Exceptions thrown by a Future can be handled using the recover or recoverWith methods to provide a fallback value or perform recovery operations. Additionally, you can use onComplete to handle exceptions and results when a Future completes.

Report This Question

Q.93 Explain the difference between flatMap and map in the context of Future.

In the context of Future, map is used to apply a function to the result of a Future when it's successfully completed, whereas flatMap is used to chain Future computations together, handling cases where the result is itself a Future.

Report This Question

Q.94 What is the purpose of the scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext in Scala?

The scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext is used to manage and control the execution of asynchronous tasks in Scala. It provides a thread pool or execution context for executing Future and other asynchronous operations, ensuring efficient concurrency and parallelism.

Report This Question

Q.95 Explain the role of the implicit keyword in Scala.

The implicit keyword in Scala is used to declare implicit values or parameters that the compiler can automatically insert when needed. Implicit values are commonly used for type classes, type conversions, and dependency injection in Scala.

Report This Question

Q.96 What is the difference between Option, Try, and Either in Scala?

Option represents a value that may be absent or present. - Try represents a computation that may succeed or fail with an exception. - Either represents a value that can be Either of two types, typically used for error handling.

Report This Question

Q.97 How is memory management typically handled in Scala for garbage collection?

Scala relies on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for garbage collection, similar to Java. The JVM automatically manages memory by performing garbage collection to reclaim memory occupied by objects that are no longer reachable or in use.

Report This Question

Q.98 What is the role of the sealed keyword in Scala?

The sealed keyword is used to restrict the inheritance of classes or traits. When a class or trait is marked as sealed, it can only be extended within the same compilation unit (file). This restriction is often used in pattern matching to ensure exhaustiveness.

Report This Question

Q.99 How is multi-threading typically implemented in Scala?

Multi-threading in Scala is typically implemented using libraries and abstractions like scala.concurrent.Future, java.util.concurrent, or Akka actors. Developers can leverage these tools to create concurrent and parallel applications in a safe manner.

Report This Question

Q.100 Explain the concept of immutability and its advantages in Scala.

Immutability in Scala means that once an object is created, its state cannot be changed. This leads to advantages such as thread safety, simplicity in reasoning about code, and better support for functional programming paradigms like pure functions and referential transparency.

Report This Question

Q.101 What is a varargs parameter in Scala, and how is it used?

A varargs parameter in Scala allows a function to accept a variable number of arguments of the same type. It is declared with a Seq type annotation, and within the function, the arguments are treated as a collection. varargs provides flexibility when calling the function.

Report This Question

Q.102 Explain the concept of type erasure in Scala.

Type erasure is a process in Scala where the type information of generic types (type parameters) is erased during compilation. This means that generic types are not available at runtime, which can affect pattern matching and reflection involving generic types.

Report This Question

Q.103 What is a companion object in Scala, and how is it used?

A companion object in Scala is an object with the same name as a class or trait. It is often used to hold methods and values that are associated with the class or trait but do not depend on instance-specific state. Companion objects are commonly used for factory methods and static members.

Report This Question

Q.104 How do you perform asynchronous programming in Scala?

Asynchronous programming in Scala is typically done using the Future type, which allows non-blocking execution of computations. Developers can create and compose Future instances to handle asynchronous I/O, concurrency, and parallelism in a declarative manner.

Report This Question

Q.105 What is the purpose of the apply method in Scala companion objects?

The apply method in a Scala companion object is used to create instances of the associated class or trait. It provides a convenient way to create objects without using the new keyword. By convention, apply is often used for factory methods in companion objects.

Report This Question

Q.106 Explain the concept of lazy evaluation in Scala.

Lazy evaluation in Scala means that expressions are not evaluated until they are actually needed. This can improve performance by avoiding unnecessary computations. Scala provides the lazy keyword to declare lazy values, which are computed only once when accessed.

Report This Question

Q.107 What is the purpose of the implicit parameter in Scala?

An implicit parameter in Scala is a parameter that is automatically filled in by the compiler when a method is called, based on the available implicit values in scope. It is often used for dependency injection and type classes to provide context-specific behavior.

Report This Question

Q.108 How is operator overloading handled in Scala?

Scala allows operator overloading by defining methods with symbolic names like +, -, *, etc., in classes. These methods can be invoked using operator syntax. Operator overloading allows developers to work with user-defined types more naturally.

Report This Question

Q.109 Explain the concept of anonymous classes in Scala.

Anonymous classes in Scala are classes defined without a name, typically for creating one-off instances or implementations of traits and abstract classes. They are defined inline using the new keyword followed by the class or trait definition.

Report This Question

Q.110 What is the yield keyword used for in Scala?

The yield keyword in Scala is used in for comprehensions to produce values that are collected into a collection. It allows you to generate a new collection by applying a transformation to elements of an existing collection, making code more concise and readable.

Report This Question