Browser-Specific Prefixes

Browser vendors sometimes add prefixes to experimental or nonstandard CSS properties and JavaScript APIs, so developers can experiment with new ideas while—in theory—preventing their experiments from being relied upon and then breaking web developers’ code during the standardization process. Developers should wait to include the unprefixed property until browser behavior is standardized.

CSS vendor prefixes, also sometimes known as or CSS browser prefixes, are a way for browser makers to add support for new CSS features before those features are fully supported in all browsers. This may be done during a sort of testing and experimentation period where the browser manufacturer is determining exactly how these new CSS features will be implemented. These prefixes became very popular with the rise of CSS3 a few years ago.

The major browsers use the following prefixes:

-webkit- (Chrome, Safari, newer versions of Opera, almost all iOS browsers (including Firefox for iOS); basically, any WebKit based browser)
-moz- (Firefox)
-o- (Old, pre-WebKit, versions of Opera)
-ms- (Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge)

Sample usage:

-webkit-transition: all 4s ease;

-moz-transition: all 4s ease;

-ms-transition: all 4s ease;

-o-transition: all 4s ease;

transition: all 4s ease;

Some browsers have a different syntax for certain properties than others do, so don’t assume that the browser-prefixed version of a property is exactly the same as the standard property. Also, Firefox uses different values than the standard ones.

The reason that you always end your declaration with the normal, non-prefixed version of the CSS property is so that when a browser does support the rule, it will use that one. The later rules take precedence over earlier ones if the specificity is the same, so a browser would read the vendor version of a rule and use that if it does not support the normal one, but once it does, it will override the vendor version with the actual CSS rule.

It might feel annoying and repetitive to have to write the properties 2-5 times to get it to work in all browsers, but it’s a temporary situation. For example, just a few years ago, to set a rounded corner on a box you had to write:

-moz-border-radius: 10px 5px;

-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 10px;

-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 5px;

-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;

-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 5px;

border-radius: 10px 5px;

But now that browsers have come to fully support this feature, you really only need the standardized version:

border-radius: 10px 5px;