Frequency Distributions

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A frequency distribution is a table that shows how frequently each value of a variable occurs in a set of scores. It is an ordered array of data points (also called observations, measures, measurements, scores) from highest to lowest or vice versa. Before looking at frequency distributions, two important concepts in research methods need to be discussed: variables and cases.

• Variable: An attribute or property of a person, group, or object that can be measured; the resulting measures are capable of assuming different values.
• A case is an individual person, book, database, library, time period, and so on that can observe. Cases are sometimes called units of analysis.

An attribute or characteristic of a case can be measured, that is, it can be observed systematically, not necessarily quantified, e.g., eye colour and gender. It can also vary. The difference between these two types of variables results from how variables are measured and not because of some supposed intrinsic characteristic any variable.

Excel Descriptive Statistics Tool

Perhaps the most common Data Analysis tool that you’ll use in Excel is the one for calculating descriptive statistics. To see how this works, for example, you may have the scores of 14 participants for a test.

To generate descriptive statistics for these scores, execute the following steps.

• On the Data tab, click Data Analysis.

• Select Descriptive Statistics and click OK.

• Select the range A2:A15 as the Input Range.
• Select cell C1 as the Output Range.
• Make sure Summary statistics is checked.

Click OK and the result is as

Here are the statistics that Excel calculates.

 

Statistic	Description
Mean	Shows the arithmetic mean of the sample data.
Standard Error	Shows the standard error of the data set (a measure of the difference between the predicted value and the actual value).
Median	Shows the middle value in the data set (the value that separates the largest half of the values from the smallest half of the values).
Mode	Shows the most common value in the data set.
Standard Deviation	Shows the sample standard deviation measure for the data set.
Sample Variance	Shows the sample variance for the data set (the squared standard deviation).
Kurtosis	Shows the kurtosis of the distribution.
Skewness	Shows the skewness of the data set’s distribution.
Range	Shows the difference between the largest and smallest values in the data set.
Minimum	Shows the smallest value in the data set.
Maximum	Shows the largest value in the data set.
Sum	Adds all the values in the data set together to calculate the sum.
Count	Counts the number of values in a data set.
Largest(X)	Shows the largest X value in the data set.
Smallest(X)	Shows the smallest X value in the data set.
Confidence Level(X) Percentage	Shows the confidence level at a given percentage for the data set values.

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