Errors and exceptions

Errors and exceptions

In Python, errors and exceptions are two types of issues that can occur during the execution of a program. Errors are caused by syntactical or logical mistakes in the code, while exceptions are caused by unexpected events or conditions that occur during program execution.

Here are some common types of errors and exceptions in Python:

Syntax Errors

Syntax errors occur when the code violates Python’s syntax rules. For example, forgetting a colon after an if statement or misspelling a variable name can result in a syntax error.

pythonCopy code# Syntax error example
if x == 5
    print("x is 5")

Name Errors

Name errors occur when the code tries to use a variable or function name that has not been defined. This can occur if a variable is misspelled or if it has not been assigned a value.

pythonCopy code# Name error example
print(my_variable)

Type Errors

Type errors occur when the code tries to perform an operation on incompatible types. For example, trying to add a string and an integer together will result in a type error.

pythonCopy code# Type error example
my_string = "hello"
my_number = 5
print(my_string + my_number)

Value Errors

Value errors occur when the code tries to perform an operation on a variable with an inappropriate value. For example, trying to convert a string that cannot be converted to a number will result in a value error.

pythonCopy code# Value error example
my_string = "hello"
my_number = int(my_string)

Index Errors

Index errors occur when the code tries to access an element of a sequence that does not exist. For example, trying to access the 10th element of a list with only 5 elements will result in an index error.

pythonCopy code# Index error example
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(my_list[10])

Attribute Errors

Attribute errors occur when the code tries to access an attribute or method of an object that does not exist. For example, trying to access a non-existent method of a string object will result in an attribute error.

pythonCopy code# Attribute error example
my_string = "hello"
my_string.some_method()

To handle exceptions in Python, you can use the try–except statement. This allows you to catch and handle exceptions that may occur during program execution, so that your program can gracefully recover from them.