Widgets in Android

App Widgets are miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates. These views are referred to as Widgets in the user interface, and you can publish one with an App Widget provider. An application component that is able to hold other App Widgets is called an App Widget host. The screenshot below shows the Music App Widget.

This document describes how to publish an App Widget using an App Widget provider.

The Basics

To create an App Widget, you need the following:

AppWidgetProviderInfo object

Describes the metadata for an App Widget, such as the App Widget's layout, update frequency, and the AppWidgetProvider class. This should be defined in XML.

AppWidgetProvider class implementation

Defines the basic methods that allow you to programmatically interface with the App Widget, based on broadcast events. Through it, you will receive broadcasts when the App Widget is updated, enabled, disabled and deleted.

View layout

Defines the initial layout for the App Widget, defined in XML.

Additionally, you can implement an App Widget configuration Activity. This is an optional Activitythat launches when the user adds your App Widget and allows him or her to modify App Widget settings at create-time.

The following sections describe how to setup each of these components.

Declaring an App Widget in the Manifest

First, declare the AppWidgetProviderclass in your application's AndroidManifest.xmlfile. For example:

 android:name="ExampleAppWidgetProvider" >
    
         android:name="android.appwidget.action.APPWIDGET_UPDATE" />
    
     android:name="android.appwidget.provider"
               android:resource="@xml/example_appwidget_info" />

The element requires the android:nameattribute, which specifies the AppWidgetProviderused by the App Widget.

The element must include an element with the android:nameattribute. This attribute specifies that the AppWidgetProvideraccepts the ACTION_APPWIDGET_UPDATEbroadcast. This is the only broadcast that you must explicitly declare. The AppWidgetManagerautomatically sends all other App Widget broadcasts to the AppWidgetProvider as necessary.

The element specifies the AppWidgetProviderInforesource and requires the following attributes:

• android:name - Specifies the metadata name. Use android.appwidget.providerto identify the data as the AppWidgetProviderInfodescriptor.
• android:resource - Specifies the AppWidgetProviderInforesource location.

Adding the AppWidgetProviderInfo Metadata

The AppWidgetProviderInfodefines the essential qualities of an App Widget, such as its minimum layout dimensions, its initial layout resource, how often to update the App Widget, and (optionally) a configuration Activity to launch at create-time. Define the AppWidgetProviderInfo object in an XML resource using a single element and save it in the project's res/xml/folder.

For example:

 xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:minWidth="294dp"
    android:minHeight="72dp"
    android:updatePeriodMillis="86400000"
    android:previewImage="@drawable/preview"
    android:initialLayout="@layout/example_appwidget"
    android:configure="com.example.android.ExampleAppWidgetConfigure" 
    android:resizeMode="horizontal|vertical">

Here's a summary of the attributes:

• The values for the minWidthand minHeightattributes specify the minimum amount of space the App Widget consumes by default. The default Home screen positions App Widgets in its window based on a grid of cells that have a defined height and width. If the values for an App Widget's minimum width or height don't match the dimensions of the cells, then the App Widget dimensions round up to the nearest cell size.

  See the App Widget Design Guidelines for more information on sizing your App Widgets.

  Note: To make your app widget portable across devices, your app widget's minimum size should never be larger than 4 x 4 cells.

• The minResizeWidthand minResizeHeightattributes specify the App Widget's absolute minimum size. These values should specify the size below which the App Widget would be illegible or otherwise unusable. Using these attributes allows the user to resize the widget to a size that may be smaller than the default widget size defined by the minWidthand minHeightattributes. Introduced in Android 3.1.

  See the App Widget Design Guidelines for more information on sizing your App Widgets.

• The updatePeriodMillisattribute defines how often the App Widget framework should request an update from the AppWidgetProviderby calling the onUpdate()callback method. The actual update is not guaranteed to occur exactly on time with this value and we suggest updating as infrequently as possible—perhaps no more than once an hour to conserve the battery. You might also allow the user to adjust the frequency in a configuration—some people might want a stock ticker to update every 15 minutes, or maybe only four times a day.

  Note: If the device is asleep when it is time for an update (as defined by updatePeriodMillis), then the device will wake up in order to perform the update. If you don't update more than once per hour, this probably won't cause significant problems for the battery life. If, however, you need to update more frequently and/or you do not need to update while the device is asleep, then you can instead perform updates based on an alarm that will not wake the device. To do so, set an alarm with an Intent that your AppWidgetProvider receives, using the AlarmManager. Set the alarm type to either ELAPSED_REALTIMEor RTC, which will only deliver the alarm when the device is awake. Then set updatePeriodMillisto zero ("0").

• The initialLayoutattribute points to the layout resource that defines the App Widget layout.
• The configureattribute defines the Activityto launch when the user adds the App Widget, in order for him or her to configure App Widget properties. This is optional (read Creating an App Widget Configuration Activity below).
• The previewImageattribute specifies a preview of what the app widget will look like after it's configured, which the user sees when selecting the app widget. If not supplied, the user instead sees your application's launcher icon. This field corresponds to the android:previewImageattribute in the element in the AndroidManifest.xmlfile. For more discussion of using previewImage, see Setting a Preview Image. Introduced in Android 3.0.
• The autoAdvanceViewIdattribute specifies the view ID of the app widget subview that should be auto-advanced by the widget's host. Introduced in Android 3.0.
• The resizeModeattribute specifies the rules by which a widget can be resized. You use this attribute to make homescreen widgets resizeable—horizontally, vertically, or on both axes. Users touch-hold a widget to show its resize handles, then drag the horizontal and/or vertical handles to change the size on the layout grid. Values for the resizeModeattribute include "horizontal", "vertical", and "none". To declare a widget as resizeable horizontally and vertically, supply the value "horizontal|vertical". Introduced in Android 3.1.

See the AppWidgetProviderInfoclass for more information on the attributes accepted by the element.

Creating the App Widget Layout

You must define an initial layout for your App Widget in XML and save it in the project's res/layout/directory. You can design your App Widget using the View objects listed below, but before you begin designing your App Widget, please read and understand the App Widget Design Guidelines.

Creating the App Widget layout is simple if you're familiar with Layouts. However, you must be aware that App Widget layouts are based on RemoteViews, which do not support every kind of layout or view widget.

A RemoteViews object (and, consequently, an App Widget) can support the following layout classes:

• FrameLayout
• LinearLayout
• RelativeLayout

And the following widget classes:

• AnalogClock
• Button
• Chronometer
• ImageButton
• ImageView
• ProgressBar
• TextView
• ViewFlipper
• ListView
• GridView
• StackView
• AdapterViewFlipper

Descendants of these classes are not supported.

Adding margins to App Widgets

Widgets should not generally extend to screen edges and should not visually be flush with other widgets, so you should add margins on all sides around your widget frame.

As of Android 4.0, app widgets are automatically given padding between the widget frame and the app widget's bounding box to provide better alignment with other widgets and icons on the user's home screen. To take advantage of this strongly recommended behavior, set your application's targetSdkVersion to 14 or greater.

It's easy to write a single layout that has custom margins applied for earlier versions of the platform, and has no extra margins for Android 4.0 and greater:

1. Set your application's targetSdkVersionto 14 or greater.
2. Create a layout such as the one below, that references a dimension resource for its margins:

   
     android:layout_width="match_parent"
     android:layout_height="match_parent"
     android:padding="@dimen/widget_margin">
   
     
       android:layout_width="match_parent"
       android:layout_height="match_parent"
       android:orientation="horizontal"
       android:background="@drawable/my_widget_background">
       …
     
   
   

3. Create two dimensions resources, one in res/values/to provide the pre-Android 4.0 custom margins, and one in res/values-v14/to provide no extra padding for Android 4.0 widgets:

   res/values/dimens.xml:

    name="widget_margin">8dp

   res/values-v14/dimens.xml:

    name="widget_margin">0dp

Another option is to simply build extra margins into your nine-patch background assets by default, and provide different nine-patches with no margins for API level 14 or later.

Using the AppWidgetProvider Class

The AppWidgetProviderclass extends BroadcastReceiver as a convenience class to handle the App Widget broadcasts. The AppWidgetProvider receives only the event broadcasts that are relevant to the App Widget, such as when the App Widget is updated, deleted, enabled, and disabled. When these broadcast events occur, the AppWidgetProvider receives the following method calls:

onUpdate()

This is called to update the App Widget at intervals defined by the updatePeriodMillisattribute in the AppWidgetProviderInfo (see Adding the AppWidgetProviderInfo Metadata above). This method is also called when the user adds the App Widget, so it should perform the essential setup, such as define event handlers for Views and start a temporary Service, if necessary. However, if you have declared a configuration Activity, this method is not called when the user adds the App Widget, but is called for the subsequent updates. It is the responsibility of the configuration Activity to perform the first update when configuration is done. (See Creating an App Widget Configuration Activity below.)

onDeleted(Context, int[])

This is called every time an App Widget is deleted from the App Widget host.

onEnabled(Context)

This is called when an instance the App Widget is created for the first time. For example, if the user adds two instances of your App Widget, this is only called the first time. If you need to open a new database or perform other setup that only needs to occur once for all App Widget instances, then this is a good place to do it.

onDisabled(Context)

This is called when the last instance of your App Widget is deleted from the App Widget host. This is where you should clean up any work done in onEnabled(Context), such as delete a temporary database.

onReceive(Context, Intent)

This is called for every broadcast and before each of the above callback methods. You normally don't need to implement this method because the default AppWidgetProvider implementation filters all App Widget broadcasts and calls the above methods as appropriate.

Note: In Android 1.5, there is a known issue in which the onDeleted()method will not be called when it should be. To work around this issue, you can implement onReceive()as described in this Group post to receive the onDeleted()callback.

The most important AppWidgetProvider callback is onUpdate()because it is called when each App Widget is added to a host (unless you use a configuration Activity). If your App Widget accepts any user interaction events, then you need to register the event handlers in this callback. If your App Widget doesn't create temporary files or databases, or perform other work that requires clean-up, then onUpdate()may be the only callback method you need to define. For example, if you want an App Widget with a button that launches an Activity when clicked, you could use the following implementation of AppWidgetProvider:

public class ExampleAppWidgetProvider extends AppWidgetProvider {

    public void onUpdate(Context context, AppWidgetManager appWidgetManager, int[] appWidgetIds) {
        final int N = appWidgetIds.length;

        // Perform this loop procedure for each App Widget that belongs to this provider
        for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
            int appWidgetId = appWidgetIds[i];

            // Create an Intent to launch ExampleActivity
            Intent intent = new Intent(context, ExampleActivity.class);
            PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(context, 0, intent, 0);

            // Get the layout for the App Widget and attach an on-click listener
            // to the button
            RemoteViews views = new RemoteViews(context.getPackageName(), R.layout.appwidget_provider_layout);
            views.setOnClickPendingIntent(R.id.button, pendingIntent);

            // Tell the AppWidgetManager to perform an update on the current app widget
            appWidgetManager.updateAppWidget(appWidgetId, views);
        }
    }
}

This AppWidgetProvider defines only the onUpdate()method for the purpose of defining a PendingIntentthat launches an Activityand attaching it to the App Widget's button with setOnClickPendingIntent(int, PendingIntent). Notice that it includes a loop that iterates through each entry in appWidgetIds, which is an array of IDs that identify each App Widget created by this provider. In this way, if the user creates more than one instance of the App Widget, then they are all updated simultaneously. However, only one updatePeriodMillisschedule will be managed for all instances of the App Widget. For example, if the update schedule is defined to be every two hours, and a second instance of the App Widget is added one hour after the first one, then they will both be updated on the period defined by the first one and the second update period will be ignored (they'll both be updated every two hours, not every hour).

Note: Because AppWidgetProvideris an extension of BroadcastReceiver, your process is not guaranteed to keep running after the callback methods return (see BroadcastReceiverfor information about the broadcast lifecycle). If your App Widget setup process can take several seconds (perhaps while performing web requests) and you require that your process continues, consider starting a Servicein the onUpdate()method. From within the Service, you can perform your own updates to the App Widget without worrying about the AppWidgetProvider closing down due to an Application Not Responding (ANR) error. See the Wiktionary sample's AppWidgetProvider for an example of an App Widget running a Service.

Also see the ExampleAppWidgetProvider.java sample class.

Receiving App Widget broadcast Intents

AppWidgetProvideris just a convenience class. If you would like to receive the App Widget broadcasts directly, you can implement your own BroadcastReceiveror override the onReceive(Context, Intent)callback. The four Intents you need to care about are:

• ACTION_APPWIDGET_UPDATE
• ACTION_APPWIDGET_DELETED
• ACTION_APPWIDGET_ENABLED
• ACTION_APPWIDGET_DISABLED

Creating an App Widget Configuration Activity

If you would like the user to configure settings when he or she adds a new App Widget, you can create an App Widget configuration Activity. This Activitywill be automatically launched by the App Widget host and allows the user to configure available settings for the App Widget at create-time, such as the App Widget color, size, update period or other functionality settings.

The configuration Activity should be declared as a normal Activity in the Android manifest file. However, it will be launched by the App Widget host with the ACTION_APPWIDGET_CONFIGUREaction, so the Activity needs to accept this Intent. For example:

 android:name=".ExampleAppWidgetConfigure">
    
         android:name="android.appwidget.action.APPWIDGET_CONFIGURE"/>
    

Also, the Activity must be declared in the AppWidgetProviderInfo XML file, with the android:configureattribute (see Adding the AppWidgetProviderInfo Metadata above). For example, the configuration Activity can be declared like this:

 xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    ...
    android:configure="com.example.android.ExampleAppWidgetConfigure" 
    ... >

Notice that the Activity is declared with a fully-qualified namespace, because it will be referenced from outside your package scope.

That's all you need to get started with a configuration Activity. Now all you need is the actual Activity. There are, however, two important things to remember when you implement the Activity:

• The App Widget host calls the configuration Activity and the configuration Activity should always return a result. The result should include the App Widget ID passed by the Intent that launched the Activity (saved in the Intent extras as EXTRA_APPWIDGET_ID).
• The onUpdate()method will not be called when the App Widget is created (the system will not send the ACTION_APPWIDGET_UPDATE broadcast when a configuration Activity is launched). It is the responsibility of the configuration Activity to request an update from the AppWidgetManager when the App Widget is first created. However, onUpdate()will be called for subsequent updates—it is only skipped the first time.

See the code snippets in the following section for an example of how to return a result from the configuration and update the App Widget.

Updating the App Widget from the configuration Activity

When an App Widget uses a configuration Activity, it is the responsibility of the Activity to update the App Widget when configuration is complete. You can do so by requesting an update directly from the AppWidgetManager.

Here's a summary of the procedure to properly update the App Widget and close the configuration Activity:

Intent resultValue = new Intent();
resultValue.putExtra(AppWidgetManager.EXTRA_APPWIDGET_ID, mAppWidgetId);
setResult(RESULT_OK, resultValue);
finish();

1. First, get the App Widget ID from the Intent that launched the Activity:

   Intent intent = getIntent();
   Bundle extras = intent.getExtras();
   if (extras != null) {
       mAppWidgetId = extras.getInt(
               AppWidgetManager.EXTRA_APPWIDGET_ID, 
               AppWidgetManager.INVALID_APPWIDGET_ID);
   }

2. Perform your App Widget configuration.
3. When the configuration is complete, get an instance of the AppWidgetManager by calling getInstance(Context):

   AppWidgetManager appWidgetManager = AppWidgetManager.getInstance(context);

4. Update the App Widget with a RemoteViewslayout by calling updateAppWidget(int, RemoteViews):

   RemoteViews views = new RemoteViews(context.getPackageName(),
   R.layout.example_appwidget);
   appWidgetManager.updateAppWidget(mAppWidgetId, views);

5. Finally, create the return Intent, set it with the Activity result, and finish the Activity:

Tip: When your configuration Activity first opens, set the Activity result to RESULT_CANCELED. This way, if the user backs-out of the Activity before reaching the end, the App Widget host is notified that the configuration was cancelled and the App Widget will not be added.

See the ExampleAppWidgetConfigure.java sample class in ApiDemos for an example.

Setting a Preview Image

Android 3.0 introduces the previewImagefield, which specifies a preview of what the app widget looks like. This preview is shown to the user from the widget picker. If this field is not supplied, the app widget's icon is used for the preview.

This is how you specify this setting in XML:

 xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
  ...
  android:previewImage="@drawable/preview">

To help create a preview image for your app widget (to specify in the previewImagefield), the Android emulator includes an application called "Widget Preview." To create a preview image, launch this application, select the app widget for your application and set it up how you'd like your preview image to appear, then save it and place it in your application's drawable resources.

Using App Widgets with Collections

Android 3.0 introduces App Widgets with collections. These kinds of App Widgets use the RemoteViewsServiceto display collections that are backed by remote data, such as from a content provider. The data provided by the RemoteViewsServiceis presented in the App Widget using one of the following view types, which we’ll refer to as “collection views:”

ListView

A view that shows items in a vertically scrolling list. For an example, see the Gmail app widget.

GridView

A view that shows items in two-dimensional scrolling grid. For an example, see the Bookmarks app widget.

StackView

A stacked card view (kind of like a rolodex), where the user can flick the front card up/down to see the previous/next card, respectively. Examples include the YouTube and Books app widgets. 

AdapterViewFlipper

An adapter-backed simple ViewAnimatorthat animates between two or more views. Only one child is shown at a time.

As stated above, these collection views display collections backed by remote data. This means that they use an Adapterto bind their user interface to their data. An Adapterbinds individual items from a set of data into individual Viewobjects. Because these collection views are backed by adapters, the Android framework must include extra architecture to support their use in app widgets. In the context of an app widget, the Adapteris replaced by a RemoteViewsFactory, which is simply a thin wrapper around the Adapterinterface. When requested for a specific item in the collection, the RemoteViewsFactorycreates and returns the item for the collection as a RemoteViewsobject. In order to include a collection view in your app widget, you must implement RemoteViewsServiceand RemoteViewsFactory.

RemoteViewsServiceis a service that allows a remote adapter to request RemoteViewsobjects. RemoteViewsFactoryis an interface for an adapter between a collection view (such as ListView, GridView, and so on) and the underlying data for that view. From the StackView Widget sample, here is an example of the boilerplate code you use to implement this service and interface:

public class StackWidgetService extends RemoteViewsService {
    @Override
    public RemoteViewsFactory onGetViewFactory(Intent intent) {
        return new StackRemoteViewsFactory(this.getApplicationContext(), intent);
    }
}