Language Fundamentals

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language that was originally developed by Sun Microsystems (now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995. Java is popular due to its simplicity, portability, and security.

Here are some of the fundamental concepts in Java:

Variables: Variables are used to store data in memory. In Java, you declare a variable by specifying the data type followed by the variable name.

Data types: Java supports a variety of data types including integers, floating-point numbers, characters, and Boolean values. Data types are used to specify the type of data a variable can hold.

Operators: Java supports a variety of operators including arithmetic, comparison, logical, and bitwise operators. Operators are used to perform mathematical and logical operations on data.

Control structures: Control structures are used to control the flow of a program. Java supports if-else statements, loops, and switch statements.

Classes and objects: Java is an object-oriented programming language, which means that it is built around classes and objects. A class is a blueprint for creating objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

Inheritance: Inheritance is a mechanism that allows you to create a new class based on an existing class. The new class inherits the properties and methods of the existing class.

Polymorphism: Polymorphism is a feature of object-oriented programming that allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they were the same type of object.

Interfaces: Interfaces are used to define a set of methods that a class must implement. Interfaces are similar to abstract classes, but they cannot contain any implementation code.

Exception handling: Exception handling is used to handle errors that occur during the execution of a program. Java provides a robust exception handling mechanism that allows you to catch and handle errors gracefully. Packages: Packages are used to group related classes and interfaces together. Packages provide a way to organize your code and make it easier to manage.