TCP or IP Protocol Architecture

The TCP/IP protocol architecture is a layered model that describes how data is transmitted over a network using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). The model is divided into four layers, each of which performs a specific function in the process of transmitting data:

Application Layer: The top layer of the TCP/IP model is the application layer, which is responsible for handling the communication between the user’s computer and the network. This layer contains various protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP that are used to send and receive data over the network.

Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for providing end-to-end communication between two devices on the network. This layer uses the TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to ensure that the data is delivered reliably and without errors.

Internet Layer: The internet layer is responsible for handling the routing of data packets between different networks. This layer uses the IP protocol to transmit data between different devices on the network, and it also includes the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for error reporting and diagnostics.

Link Layer: The link layer is responsible for transmitting data between devices on the same network segment. This layer includes protocols such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi, which are used to transmit data over physical connections.

Overall, the TCP/IP protocol architecture provides a standardized framework for transmitting data over a network, and it has become the basis for the modern internet. The layered approach of the model provides a modular and flexible design that allows new protocols to be added or modified without affecting the existing layers.