Application Transport Internet and Network Access Layer

Application Transport Internet and Network Access Layer

In computer networking, the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model defines seven layers of networking protocols and functions. The lower layers (Physical and Data Link) are responsible for transmitting data over the physical network, while the upper layers (Session, Presentation, and Application) provide services to applications running on end systems. In contrast, the TCP/IP model, which is widely used in modern networking, combines some of these layers into four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access. Here is an overview of the layers in the TCP/IP model:

Network Access Layer: The Network Access Layer, also called the Link Layer, is responsible for moving data between the network and the physical layer. It defines protocols for transmitting data over the physical network and includes the hardware and software components that control the physical network interface, such as network interface cards (NICs), switches, and hubs.

Internet Layer: The Internet Layer, also known as the Network Layer, is responsible for routing data across different networks. It uses logical addresses, such as IP addresses, to identify network devices and determine the best path for data to travel between them. The primary protocol at this layer is the Internet Protocol (IP), which provides connectionless and best-effort delivery of data.

Transport Layer: The Transport Layer is responsible for providing reliable end-to-end data delivery between applications running on different devices. It defines protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) that provide services such as data segmentation, flow control, error recovery, and congestion avoidance.

Application Layer: The Application Layer provides high-level services to end-users, such as file transfer, email, web browsing, and remote access. It includes protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP, and Telnet, which define how applications interact with each other over the network.

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