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Clearing and Settlement
Let’s learn about clearing and settlement. The clearing is the process of updating the accounts of the trading parties and arranging for the transfer of money and securities. There are 2 types of clearing: bilateral clearing and central clearing. In a bilateral clearing, the parties to the transaction undergo the steps legally necessary to settle the transaction. Central clearing uses a third-party — usually a clearinghouse — to clear trades. Clearinghouses are generally used by the members who own a stake in the clearinghouse. Members are generally broker-dealers. Only members may directly use the services of the clearinghouse; retail customers and other brokerages gain access by having accounts with member firms. The member firms have a financial responsibility to the clearinghouse for the transactions cleared. It is the responsibility of the member firms to ensure that the securities are available for transfer and that sufficient margin is posted or payments are made by the customers of the firms; otherwise, the member firms must cover any shortfalls. If a member firm becomes financially insolvent, only then will the clearinghouse make up for any shortcomings in the transaction.
It includes the followings:
